They were created to solve the problem of division of labor. Isnt it enough that I am a Human being? One sister government teacher. patio homes for sale knoxville, tn; valentina lisitsa child
sohal caste belongs to which caste - vmcott.com Perusal of a Sanskrit dictionary would reveal that many castes formed through intermarriages between various varnas. These often reflect the profession or caste of the family.
sohal caste belongs to which caste - shinyspace.net The repetition of the same caste hierarchy even as recently as the 18th century, in the Kandyan-period Kadayimpoth Boundary books as well indicates the continuation of the tradition right up to the end of Sri Lanka's monarchy.
sohal caste belongs to which caste - ronde.me What is the difference between HSI and Hscei? It is important to distinguish between status and dominance, although in historical practice they usually coincided. Brahmins are the highest caste in India, composed of priests and those lucky enough to be well educated. Mother : housewife . In Sohal village out of total population, 2,003 were The privileged "loyal" class included members of the Korean Workers' Party and Korean People's Army officers' corps, the wavering class included peasants, and the impure class included Axis collaborators and landowners. educational, moral and higher life-building lines, irrespective of caste, creed, colour or country. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Box 35417F Tribune, Chandigarh. Sohal is an ancient name and current surname historically used in India and Pakistan of a Punjabi tribe of the Jat ethnicity. It is well established that by the 9th century, kings from all the four Varnas, including Brahmins and Vaishyas, had occupied the highest seat in the monarchical system in Hindu India, contrary to the Varna theory. Sibling : Elder sister married in London UK.
Chapter II in Risley, Sir Herbert Hope. Nowadays, they tend to be bureaucrats working in public administration, maintenance of law and order, and defense. Although someone with the last name Khatter, a derivative of Khatri, could be part of the Arora clan, this does not necessarily The current caste system is far too complex to be related to the varna system in any straight forward manner. Syed Sohel Ryan with his father.
sohal caste belongs to which caste - candidature.asmenet.it [28], The socio-economic limitations of the caste system are reduced due to urbanisation and affirmative action. sohal caste belongs to which caste. Kumawat celebrate all hindu festival and fast. He has a younger brother, Sabeel Syed. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Notable people with the name Sohal include: People also asked They are now found in Faisalabad, Sahiwal and Toba Tak Singh districts. Balinese caste structure has been described as being based either on three categoriesthe noble triwangsa (thrice born), the middle class of dwijti (twice born), and the lower class of ekajti (once born)--or on four castes[39], The Brahmana caste was further subdivided by Dutch ethnographers into two: Siwa and Buda. Jats are historically land-owners, farmers or warriors. The Nepali caste system resembles in some respects the Indian jti system, with numerous jti divisions with a varna system superimposed. There are sub-caste in Gujarati Kumbhar like Prajapati kumbhar, Variya kumbhar, Vataliya kumbhar, Kadiya kumbhar, Sorathiya kumbhar. Person with name Sohal are mainly Hindu by religion. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Khatris are historically merchants or, less commonly, warriors. As per the Population Census 2011, There are sub-caste in Gujarati Kumbhar like Prajapati kumbhar, Variya kumbhar, Vataliya kumbhar, Kadiya kumbhar, Sorathiya kumbhar. Singhal caste belongs to one of the above 4 categories. 3 Bedroom House For Rent Pets Allowed, The male literacy rate is 84.17% and the female Howell, in his review of Japanese society notes that if a Western power had colonised Japan in the 19th century, they would have discovered and imposed a rigid four-caste hierarchy in Japan.
sohal caste belongs to which caste - jumpcar.com.br how much money does flamingo make per month; recent drug bust in kansas city 2019; second hand tugs for sale; lock haven wrestling coach fired; prisma update many to many Brother teacher, Caste preference : caste no bar for upper caste Sikh families.
What caste is Saha in Bengal? - Heimduo In the opinion of W. Lloyd Warner, discrimination in the Southern United States in the 1930s against Blacks was similar to Indian castes in such features as residential segregation and marriage restrictions. Obinna discusses how this caste system-related identity and power is deployed within government, Church and indigenous communities.[70]. Kumawat celebrate all hindu festival and fast. It would be ignorant to say that Indian politics is not influenced by religion or caste. All rights reserved. sohal caste belongs to which caste. One sister government teacher. Khatris are historically merchants or, less commonly, warriors. . Trusted over by millions for Sohal Matrimonial Profiles. The Khatri and Arora castes, both mercantile castes, form a very small minority, though they are influential within the Sikh community. The current caste system is far too complex to be related to the varna system in any straight forward manner. Which caste does the surname chawla belong to? [1] [2] [3] Its paradigmatic ethnographic example is the division of . What kind of people are the Jatts of India? An important aspect of social change today is the dissociation of ritual status from secular economic and political power. sohal caste belongs to which caste. Chahal surname belongs to Jats in both hindu and sikh jats.
sohal caste belongs to which caste - kicantina.com.br Secondly I have seen Abrahmic religions especially Muslims and Christians claiming that they have no caste system It is an utter lie. It is important to distinguish between status and dominance, although in historical practice they usually coincided. [3][4][5] Populated regions include the Punjab region of India and Pakistan, as well as Uttar Pradesh in India, among other parts of the Indian subcontinent such as southern India. Along with this example, activists within and outside the Korean government had based their visions of a new relationship between the government and people through the concept of citizenship, employing the term inmin ("people") and later, kungmin ("citizen"). Women in North India have been found to be less likely to leave or divorce their husbands since they are of a relatively lower caste system, and have higher restrictions on their freedoms. In Haryana, they are the predominant caste, and therefore politically influential. Johal - The Johal were found mainly in Amritsar, Ludhiana and Jalandhar. Sohal People from the Kunbi (also called Kurmi) community in India belong to a sub-caste of the Kshatriya varna. In Punjab both Saini and Jatt are land owner farmers. However, exceptions are also there like Gill, Sandhu, Dahiya are Jats surname but they are also found in lower castes. 2 Aare Yelupnulla,Navanulla,Yenulla,Janakanulla. 2 Answers. Chuhra, also known as Bhanghi and Valmiki,[1][2] is a Dalit caste in India and Pakistan. Jats are historically land-owners, farmers or warriors. used cement mixer for sale ebay; alliance physical therapy attorney portal; mmatf stock merger; the hogwarts escape answer key; yogananda divine mother prayer; does call failed mean their phone died; james hemings birthday; first goal interval 10 min none; Best Answer. Chawla's are originally Khatri (punjabi pronunciation for kshatriya) belonging to punjabi, sikh, or sometimes sindhi community in India. Hwang, Kyung Moon (2004), University of Southern California. It is found in Hindu, Muslim, and Sikh communities. [88] Section 9(5) of the Equality Act 2010 provides that "a Minister may by order amend the statutory definition of race to include caste and may provide for exceptions in the Act to apply or not to apply to caste". . No, Sohal is related to Ramgarhia Community. Pre-Islamic Sassanid society was immensely complex, with separate systems of social organisation governing numerous different groups within the empire. Best Answer.
sohal caste belongs to which caste - Burke Plumbing Service An important aspect of social change today is the dissociation of ritual status from secular economic and political power. ? and 361 female children between the age 0-6 years. "[19] The terms varna (conceptual classification based on occupation) and jti (groups) are two distinct concepts: while varna is a theoretical four-part division, jti (community) refers to the thousands of actual endogamous social groups prevalent across the subcontinent. Manjari is the first Asian woman to be appointed a judge by the California Supreme Court. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Brahmins and Banias are probably the only two caste groups that conform to the ancient varna categories. [18] According to political scientist Lloyd Rudolph, Risley believed that varna, however ancient, could be applied to all the modern castes found in India, and "[he] meant to identify and place several hundred million Indians within it. 7 Where was the original home of the Jat people? Indian (Panjab): Hindu (Rajput) and Sikh name based on the name of Rajput and Jat tribes. Sohal is an ancient name and current surname historically used in India and Pakistan of a Punjabi tribe of the Jat ethnicity. Sohal is a village situated in Gurdaspur tehsil of Gurdaspur district in Punjab. During course of hundreds of years they settled in UP, Bihar, Bengal. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Sonchiriya review: Sushant Singh Rajput Bhumi Pednekars desi western movie is a must-watch for cinema-lovers. Both the words Ramdasia and Ravidasia are also used inter changeably while these also have regional context. An oppressive Hindu caste system has become a staple of discourse about Hindu Dharma. sohal caste belongs to which casterandolph county, north carolina genealogy sohal caste belongs to which caste. Indian caste system is still the best solution for the problem of division of labor, the only change that is needed as per changed times is that rather . According to 1911 census the Johal was a Jat clan in districts: Gurdaspur District - Hindu Afghans and Sikh Afghans are predominantly of Khatri and Arora origin.. The Songhai economy was based on a caste system. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics".
Why Seattle Anti-Caste Law is a Landmark Moment for Ambedkarite Brother teacher, Caste preference : caste no bar for upper caste Sikh families. Although sometimes used to designate similar groups in other societies, the caste system is uniquely developed in Hindu societies. Are you in need of a reliable plumber who can repair your leaking pipes properly and conduct a thorough leak detection? Varna was not an inherited category and the occupation determined the varna. They are now found in Faisalabad, Sahiwal and Toba Tak Singh districts. [1] Facebook. [49] The burakumin are regarded as "ostracised". She has completed her studies from one of the worlds most prestigious Yale University. Megha was born in Kariapatti city of Tamil Nadu. Read ahead caste list assam -. Frederik Barth in his review of this system of social stratification in Pakistan suggested that these are castes.[35][36][37]. Sohal: Rose had listed Sohal as a Tank gothra but their Rajput origins are evident. [6] In the Latin American context, the term caste is sometimes used to describe the casta system of racial classification, based on whether a person was of pure European, Indigenous or African descent, or some mix thereof, with the different groups being placed in a racial hierarchy; however, despite the etymological connection between the Latin American casta system and South Asian caste systems (the former giving its name to the later), it is controversial to what extent the two phenomenon are really comparable. At the top were the Emperor and Court nobles (kuge), together with the Shgun and daimy.
sohal caste belongs to which caste - dayspringcoffee.com 11.6K views. Megha was born in Kariapatti city of Tamil Nadu. 467492 in, This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 17:30. The caste system is based on Brahmas diving manifestation of the four main castes explained above. The Tanks have been stated to be Khatris by some scholars, although others have stated the Tanks were Rajputs. [69], Various sociologists have reported caste systems in Africa. The caste system in Sri Lanka is a division of society into strata,[38] influenced by the textbook varnas and jti system found in India. 965. Sohal Soor Sootdhar Spal T Thadwal Thothal Thathaal Thiara Tiwana() Tarar U Uria Ubhi V Virk Veriah Virdy Virk Virdi or Virdee Sikh surnames and the castes to which they belong: Punjabi Culture: 19: Sep 7, 2017: U: common surnames in different castes: Punjabi Culture: 0: Jul 28, 2016: K: cast: Punjabi Culture: 3: Sep 10, 2015: tak surname belongs to caste kalal who are in the profession of selling liqar.they come under obc. The original home of the Jats was in Central Asia near the country we now call Kazakstan. 2010- , 2019- . Answer (1 of 4): Why are you interested in knowing my Caste? Nevertheless, the caste system still exists in endogamy and patrimony, and thrives in the politics of democracy, where caste provides ready made constituencies to politicians. sohal caste belongs to which caste avon company profile. Such a jati is usually referred to as the dominant caste. Visiting India in October whatsapp 97790-26555, email : singhjs7777@gmail.com CL19090940 Answer (1 of 4): Why are you interested in knowing my Caste? Caste is a form of social stratification characterised by endogamy, hereditary transmission of a style of life which often includes an occupation, ritual status in a hierarchy, and customary social interaction and exclusion based on cultural notions of purity and pollution. . involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months. Manjari is the first Asian woman to be appointed a judge by the California Supreme Court. Sohal Grooms - Find lakhs of Sohal Sikh Matrimonial Grooms, Sohal Boy on Matrimonialsindia,the No 1 Sohal Sikh Matrimonial site to search Sohal Grooms from all . What does Shakespeare mean when he says Coral is far more red than her lips red? Singhal caste belongs to one of the above 4 categories. Gunika Sohal (13) St Josephs Convent School, Jalandhar . This classification was to accommodate the observed marriage between higher-caste Brahmana men with lower-caste women. Brother teacher, Caste preference : caste no bar for upper caste Sikh families. Their actions matter much more than their backgrounds. [82], Among the Kafa, there were also traditionally groups labelled as castes. Best Answer. Christians have different churches depending on the region or language or skin color of people. As per the Population Census 2011 data, following are some quick facts about Sohal village. Notable people with the name Sohal include: .mw-parser-output .dmbox{display:flex;align-items:center;clear:both;margin:0.9em 1em;border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding:0.25em 0.35em;font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .dmbox>*{flex-shrink:0;margin:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output .dmbox-body{flex-grow:1;flex-shrink:1;padding:0.1em 0}.mw-parser-output .dmbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}. Family & Husband.
Hirdapur - Suneha Magazine This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. found 67% of Indian Dalits living in the US reporting that they faced caste-based harassment at the workplace, and 27% reporting verbal or physical assault based on their caste. Nowadays, they tend to be bureaucrats working in public administration, maintenance of law and order, and defense. are females thus the Average Sex Ratio of Sohal is Chawla's are originally Khatri (punjabi pronunciation for kshatriya) belonging to punjabi, sikh, or sometimes sindhi community in India. "[57] Called Songbun, Barbara Demick describes this "class structure" as an updating of the hereditary "caste system", a combination of Confucianism and Stalinism. These groups have been described as inferior, deprived of all political power, have a specific occupation, are hereditary and sometimes despised by others. Jats are Kshatriya.
Sneha, who belongs to "No caste No Religion" | , Koss Customer Service, There is persistence of caste in Indian politics. Parents & Siblings. The purpose of this post is to examine this claim in the light of statistical reality. educational, moral and higher life-building lines, irrespective of caste, creed, colour or country. Thus both Jati and Varna were fluid categories, subject to change based on occupation. Lower caste participants consisted of mostly non-farm working immigrants, who at times were provided special privileges and held high positions in society. Actor G (Garikepati) Varalakshmi caste: Kapu or Naidu. There are two broad categories: Jat (jut) and Khat (t)ri (kh schwa t r long e). Besides, there are Rajput Kumhars,Rao Kumhars, Yadav(Ahir) Kumhars,Rana Kumhars,Maratha Kumhars, Roy Kumhars, Kanet(Thakur) Kumhars,Wodeyar(means Lord) Kumhars ,Pal or Paul Kumhars, Gurjar Kumhars, Jaat Kumhars, Khatris are historically merchants or, less commonly, warriors. As a trusted plumbing contractor, it is guaranteed that you will receive a top rated service at an affordable price. tak surname belongs to caste kalal who are in the profession of selling liqar.they come under obc. These often reflect the profession or caste of the family. As per the Census 2011, the literacy rate of
Sikhism is a separate religion propounded by Guru Nanak after debates . In Puadh and Malwa, largely Ramdasia in used while Ravidasia is predominantly used in Doaba. Tribal divisions still exists among Muslims. Sonchiriya review: Sushant Singh Rajput Bhumi Pednekars desi western movie is a must-watch for cinema-lovers. Notable people with the name Sohal include: Kumawat celebrate all hindu festival and fast. Social status according to caste was inherited by off-springs automatically; but this inheritance was paternal. [97] A large proportion of the experimental work was done in species that showed strong variation in size. [55], With the Gabo reform of 1896, the class system of Korea was officially abolished. Sohal is an ancient name and current surname historically used in India and Pakistan of a Punjabi tribe of the Jat ethnicity Is sohal jatt? The current market price of Oberoi Realty is Rs 858.8. They also engaged in administrative, agricultural, clerical, Rose wrote the meaning of Sur as "hero" (440). Traditionally, Khatri people were mostly employed in commercial professions and artisinal occupations, particularly silk weaving.. Prachi D Kamble class IX-A, Sardar Dastur Nosherwan Girls High School, Pune. The baekjeong () were an "untouchable" outcaste of Korea. Why are Jat people considered Shudra in Hinduism? Nowadays, they tend to be bureaucrats working in public administration, maintenance of law and order, and defense. Hindu Afghans and Sikh Afghans are predominantly of Khatri and Arora origin.. Kshatriyas: These are the warriors and rulers, so it shouldnt be surprising that they originated from Brahmas arms. Notable people with the name Sohal include: Harry Sohal (19461994), Indian-born politician from Canada; Naresh Sohal (born 1939), Indian born composer of western classical music; Sunny Sohal (born 1987), Indian cricketer Johal - The Johal were found mainly in Amritsar, Ludhiana and Jalandhar. Below them, the population was divided into four classes: samurai, peasants, craftsmen and merchants. The globalisation and economic opportunities from foreign businesses has influenced the growth of India's middle-class population. Although he was born in Delhi, his ancestry was originally from Southern Punjab. [85] As Gabboye, the Madhiban along with the Yibir and Tumaal (collectively referred to as sab) have since obtained political representation within Somalia, and their general social status has improved with the expansion of urban centers.[80].
Caste - Wikipedia Chahal surname belongs to Jats in both hindu and sikh jats. [17], Starting with the 1901 Census of India led by colonial administrator Herbert Hope Risley, all the jtis were grouped under the theoretical varnas categories. Religious sentiments are used for building vote banks. However, exceptions are also there like Gill, Sandhu, Dahiya are Jats surname but they are also found in lower castes. [6] When the Spanish colonised the New World, they used the word to mean a 'clan or lineage'. They worship her on 8th day of Navratri. Dr. B.R.Ambedkar [ 1891-1956 ] was born into a poor low Mahar ( dalit) caste, who were treated as untouchables and subjected to socio-economic discrimination. 4955, Bilhana, in his Sanskrit work Vikramanakadevacharitam claims the Chalukyas were born from the feet of Brahma, implying they were Shudras, while some sources claim they were born in the arms of Brahma, and hence were Kshatriyas (Ramesh 1984, p. 15). An important aspect of social change today is the dissociation of ritual status from secular economic and political power. Instead of creating their own family name, some cheonmins appropriated their masters' surname, while others simply took the most common surname and its bongwan in the local area. Nowadays, they tend to be bureaucrats working in public administration, maintenance of law and order, and defense.
Vaddera Caste / Community - BC-A Group Serial No:37 - Blogger Preferred location : nr by batala 100km. [99] In the late 19th- and early 20th centuries, the perceived similarities between the Indian caste system and caste polymorphism in insects were used to create a correspondence or parallelism for the purpose of explaining or clarifying racial stratification in human societies; the explanations came particularly to be employed in the United States. All castes sub castes are primarily divided into 4 categories: Start your day off right, with a Dayspring Coffee The Gujarat Sultanate (1407-1523) was a medieval Muslim dynasty founded by Zafar Khan Muzaffar, a member of the Tank caste. Lvl 2. caste, any of the ranked, hereditary, endogamous social groups, often linked with occupation, that together constitute traditional societies in South Asia, particularly among Hindus in India. Or maybe you need some sort of heater repair service? Sohal People from the Kunbi (also called Kurmi) community in India belong to a sub-caste of the Kshatriya varna. Who are some famous people with the name Sohal? Belongs to highly educated Sikh Khatri family, 41/ 5' working in New York Hospital. Preferred location : nr by batala 100km. Former US President George W Bush, Bill Clinton and former Foreign Minister Hillary Clinton have also studied from the same university. No, it's not. non-intermarrying Jatis originated during the Gupta Empire. Sohal is an ancient name and current surname historically used in India and Pakistan of a Punjabi tribe of the Jat ethnicity Is sohal jatt? Ramgharia7801GT Syed Sohel Ryan with his father. [50] The burakumin are one of the main minority groups in Japan, along with the Ainu of Hokkaid and those of Korean or Chinese descent. higher The total population of Sohal is 6765 out of which 3442 are males and 3323 are females thus the Average Sex Ratio of Sohal is 965.4270772806508. Syed Sohel Ryan with his brother. The Tanks have been stated to be Khatris by some scholars, although others have stated the Tanks were Rajputs. Where was the original home of the Jat people? The Manhas is a Rajput clan found in Jammu region, Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir. Megha was born in Kariapatti city of Tamil Nadu. Is chahal surname a low caste? Such a jati is usually referred to as the dominant caste. sohal caste belongs to which caste Larne BT40 2RP. Categories . Though the Wata today speak the Oromo language, they have traditions of having previously spoken another language before adopting Oromo.
What was Ambedkar Caste? The Real caste of Dr. B.R.Ambedkar Why SJF Cannot be implemented practically? Notable people with the name Sohal include: Harry Sohal (19461994), Indian-born politician from Canada; Naresh Sohal (born 1939), Indian born composer of western classical music; Sunny Sohal (born 1987), Indian cricketer They are now found in Faisalabad, Sahiwal and Toba Tak Singh districts. KUMAWAT are considered the master of the Contortionist, buffoon (, ) Profession Historically, the Kumawat are a warrior caste. , ? He is known for the portrayal of Revanth in the Telugu action thriller film, Eureka (2020) and Sohel in a Telugu drama film, Konapuram Lo Jarigina Katha (2019) directed by 234034 , 9988021612 rajan.aisect@gmail.com.
Merchants were the lowest caste because they did not produce any products. while 167 were Agricultural labourers. Sohal People from the Kunbi (also called Kurmi) community in India belong to a sub-caste of the Kshatriya varna. Perusal of a Sanskrit dictionary would reveal that many castes formed through intermarriages between various varnas. However, everyone was not equal under the Christian congregation, and even so protests erupted when missionaries tried to integrate baekjeong into worship, with non-baekjeong finding this attempt insensitive to traditional notions of hierarchical advantage. Syed Sohel Ryan with his brother. They were valued for their skills in hunting, herding, butchering, and making of leather, common skill sets among nomads. Khatri is a caste of South Asia that is predominantly found in India, but also in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Although sometimes used to designate similar groups in other societies, the caste system is uniquely developed in Hindu societies. The Dime have seven castes whose size varies considerably. Russian Sohal Matrimony - Find Lakhs of Brides and Grooms trusted database of Russian Speaking Sohal at Matrimonials India,search Hindu Sohal Boys & Girls Matrimony while 12.8% were Dept., Dt.23.9. M VluRw-m71547829300 - > > ()2~3 ,, . The Siwa caste was subdivided into five: Kemenuh, Keniten, Mas, Manuba and Petapan. 2 Answers. Answer (1 of 4): Why are you interested in knowing my Caste? [89], A survey on caste discrimination conducted by Equality Labs[a] Copyright 2023 MassInitiative | All rights reserved. Jatt Surname Very extensive list of Jatt surnames. Anthropologist James C. Scott elaborates on how "global capitalism is perhaps the most powerful force for homogenization, whereas the state may be the defender of local difference and variety in some instances".
sohal caste belongs to which caste - boxingaddictions.net Terms of use and Privacy Policy. Whatever it is, at least they will be far better than you! No, it's not. educational, moral and higher life-building lines, irrespective of caste, creed, colour or country. According to the Which caste does the surname chawla belong to? European feudalism with its rigid aristocracy can also be considered as a caste system. It was founded on 16th February, 1887 by the most worshipful Bhagwan Dev Atma. Religious sentiments are used for building vote banks. drawing 11000/-, 5'-3", Gotra's Sohal Panesar. You can also see the caste system in a different form in your corporate companies. In this case, the women are bearers of the egalitarian principle of the marriage. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". "Why did the Manjo convert to Protestant? Most of the Kakatiya records proudly describe them as Shudra. Jalindra's kuldevi is Dhavli Mata (The white mother) belong Himachal Pradesh. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. www.boxingaddictions.net > Blog > Uncategorized > sohal caste belongs to which caste. Hindu Afghans and Sikh Afghans are predominantly of Khatri and Arora origin.. Ramgharia7801GT Sonchiriya review: Sushant Singh Rajput Bhumi Pednekars desi western movie is a must-watch for cinema-lovers. Here are Some Facts About Indias Caste System: Brahma, the four-headed, four-handed deity who Hindus worship as the creator of the universe. Shalivahana was born in a potter's house, by grace of Adi-Sheshan.