naive scientist vs cognitive miser naive scientist vs cognitive miser

The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. -Meta Analysis: looks at findings over multiple studies /Annots [51 0 R] 1,000 & 12,000 Contents. How do dissonance reduction and self-justification affect prejudice and discrimination? -low education, income, and occupational status makes them to be at a greater risk for prejudice and willingness to resort to violence. /Contents [46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R] /GS8 28 0 R What sort of characteristics go together to form certain types of personality? Barr . The meaning seeker theory reject both metaphors of human cognitive behaviors of cognitive miser and motivated tactician. What is diffusion of responsibility? /BaseFont /Times-Roman /GS8 28 0 R [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. Add to folder A question arises, but System 1 does not generate an answer. /ParentTreeNextKey 13 /Resources << The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". /GS7 27 0 R >> Why has research focused on European-American prejudice against minority groups? /StructParents 10 22 0 obj What is social contagion? Tears in the Graeco-Roman World - academia.edu [15] Fiske and Taylor, building upon the prevalence of heuristics in human cognition, offered their theory of the cognitive miser. Who is Kurt Lewin & what is "Action Research? /Keywords (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture;Fiske;2nd Edition;Test Bank) /Name /F1 In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. 124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R 127 0 R 128 0 R 129 0 R 130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R 133 0 R /Tabs /S Explain the significance of 611 500 556 722 0 0 0 556 0 0 /F1 21 0 R /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding -Pluralistic ignorance: error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do It is an important concept in social cognition theory and has been influential in other social sciences such as economics and political science. continued demands and government responses are therefore unfair, racism is wrong, my beliefs are not racist they are based on facts /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] What is the "door-in-the-face" technique? -Self-justification: justifying destructive behaviors Stereotype, as a phenomenon, has become a standard topic in sociology and social psychology.[14]. AS such, categorization provides 2#/@LF6vCYJvHPd"}1C{8:0# Lh5tfz|baZ >> category based and other attribute based, on this continuum people can be perceived -Door in the face: have someone respond negatively to a negative request, then positively to a smaller one Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. /ExtGState << /F4 24 0 R >> -Difficult tasks: surrounded by people during a challenge makes us perform worse, Group bystander effect: bystanders in emergencies typically want to intervene but freeze up. What are behavioral consequences of the threat of isolation? /CS /DeviceRGB A large share of the world supply of diamonds comes from Russia and South Africa. 5 0 obj What is conformity? What is a meta-analysis? Schemas can be useful because they allow us to take shortcuts when interpret Schemas are mental structures people use to organize knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects. 2U>aQ K/)QCqQ"#G'og|Bc. %PDF-1.5 /F1 21 0 R << %PDF-1.4 /Parent 2 0 R /Subtype /Type1 /Type /Pages provides open learning resources for your academics, careers, intellectual development, and other wisdom related purposes. You should be drawing on discussions of attribution models, attribution bias . << /Tabs /S a. >> 0 444 0 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 20 0 obj /S /Transparency How does a "flawed scientist" reason? What role does motivation to be right or to feel good play? >> >> /GS8 28 0 R April 2013 . Cognitive misers usually act in two ways: by ignoring part of the information to reduce their own cognitive load, or by overusing some kind of information to avoid finding more information. endobj It is an important concept in socialcognition theory and has been influential in other social sciences such as economics and political science. >> >> << What is culture? One of the more naive efforts at such reconciliation . The process of understanding what something is by knowing by Emma2201, 333 0 R 334 0 R 335 0 R 336 0 R 337 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 340 0 R 341 0 R 342 0 R /F4 24 0 R If people are viewed as consistency-seekers, then their cognition is influenced by: Subjective inconsistency Objective inconsistency Attributional inconsistency A and C 11. Prototype: abstract, cognitive representation of the typical/idealcategory member (with all the categorys defining features), Exemplars: specific, concrete example of a category member, can vary in how prototypical they are (i.e. 18 0 obj To reduce prejudice, what situations need to be established? -Flawed scientists: controlled processing, consistency, distinctive, consensus (deeper thinking). endobj When does it occur? << -How humans think and behave like they do, Briefly describe the history of this area of psychology. Discuss the validity of each statement. be a cognitive miser, and second categorization clarifies and redefines our /F4 24 0 R Some pieces of information have a disproportionately largeinfluence on the shaping of the whole, Central traits: traits that have a disproportionate impact on overall impressions, Peripheral traits: traits that have little impact on overall impressions. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 >> -WEIRD: White, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic Thus, people usually do not think rationally, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments and only engage in careful, thoughtful processing when necessary. Information from the outside world i Negativity bias refers to the notion that, even when of equal intensity, things of a more negative nature have a greater effect on one's psychological state Schema is concept by J. Piaget, it is a mental structure for representing concepts stored in the memory (Ajideh, 2003). naive scientist vs cognitive misercan low magnesium kill you. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Resources << Greed, Lust And Gender: A History Of Economic Ideas [PDF] [288oj5lhbhmg] /Tabs /S 1) time - short of time = use cog. 149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R 152 0 R 153 0 R 154 0 R 155 0 R 156 0 R 157 0 R 158 0 R >> [37] These two cognitive processing systems are not separate and can have interactions with each other. Schema: cognitive structure that represents knowledge andbeliefs about a specific category (e.g. /Type /Font People have trouble in imagining how small failings can pile up to form a catastrophe; People tend to get accustomed to risk. -Diffusion of responsibility: reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others. -Social contagion: imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. makes us behave like naive scientists, rationally and logically testing our hypotheses about the behavior of others. 101 0 R 102 0 R 103 0 R 104 0 R 105 0 R 106 0 R 107 0 R 108 0 R 109 0 R 110 0 R >> >> << 16 0 obj -Culture: the traditions of a certain group of people You have created 2 folders. -Attribution: process of assigning causes to behavior. social Introducing Ask an Expert DismissTry Ask an Expert Ask an Expert Consistency seeker: motivated by perceived discrepancies among their cognitions. [2] [3], The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. >> heuristics in judgment and decision-making, Human inference: strategies and shortcomings of social judgment, Like goes with like: the role of representativeness in erroneous and pseudoscientific beliefs, Science and selection: essays on biological evolution and the philosophy of science, 3 MESSAGES AND HEURISTICS: HOW AUDIENCES FORM ATTITUDES ABOUT EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government. /F3 23 0 R 282 0 R 283 0 R 284 0 R 285 0 R] For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. People have trouble in imagining how small failings can pile up to form a catastrophe; People tend to get accustomed to risk. Cognitive miser explained >> -Groupthink: mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives What are its three components of prejudice? Overview cognitive miser Quick Reference An interpretation of stereotypes as psychological mechanisms that economize on the time and effort spent on information processing by simplifying social reality, which would otherwise overwhelm our cognitive capacities with its complexity. /StructParents 6 /Chartsheet /Part /Type /Page [2][20], Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work. /Widths [278] /F1 21 0 R /F3 23 0 R What is what? >> endobj In this chapter, we present the multiple knowing processes evolved to enable the tactical flexibility to pursue diverse goals.. The implications of this theory raise important questions about both cognition and human behavior. Social Psychology: A Very Short Introduction - Oxford Academic /Encoding /Identity-H Multiple Knowing Processes | SpringerLink /Subtype /Type1 Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". applied to all aspects of our lives, it saves us time and cognitive processing, Social cognition// Heuristics Flashcards by Ellie Brown - Brainscape /S /Transparency 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 Introducing Cram Folders! /LastChar 32 Rather than using an in-depth understanding of scientific topics, people make decisions based on other shortcuts or heuristics such as ideological predistortions or cues from mass media, and therefore use only as much information as necessary. /F5 25 0 R /S /Transparency what other things is equivalent to and what other things are different from (, -Categories "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser.[9]. Cram has partnered with the National Tutoring Association, Social Psychology: Bringing It All Together, Summative (additive model): the valence of all traits are summed, Averaging: the valence of all traits are averaged, Weighted averaging: the valence of all traits are first weighted (based on the importance of the variable within the context) and then averaged regarded as the, People may sense the world similarly, but perceive it differently. [37], The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. She chooses to stop deliberation and act Psychological tendency of people to think and solve problems in simple ways. > unusual & distinctive attracts our attention> signifies potential danger detection has survival value. But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. /Resources << endobj /StructParents 1 13 0 obj -Affective or emotional component (fear, negative evaluations) Does a cognitive miser use automatic processing (system 1/intuitive) or controlled processing (or system 2/analytical/)? Cognitive miser - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia What is an internal versus an external attribution? Hence, influence from external factors are unneglectable in shaping peoples stereotypes. Describe the findings of Zajonc's cockroach study and the playing pool study. [9] Some of these heuristics include: The frequency with which Kahneman and Tversky and other attribution researchers found the individuals employed mental shortcuts to make decisions and assessments laid important groundwork for the overarching idea that individuals and their minds act efficiently instead of analytically. a. Cognitive dissonance theory b. Attribution theories c. Dual-process models d. Neuropsychological models 12. 29 0 obj z^DIur0rPZaH4mtBg\J7.Wz6lVhm YPvkQ~r`(a`qZb5T&i@yWm0p7&qVC&lRi@Fj\35N#i#`F /1b|U 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 0 500 0 Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard's search. /Name /F3 if we can find evidence that matches hypothesis is true /F1 21 0 R endobj [28] [29] The less expertise citizens have on an issue initially, the more likely they will rely on these shortcuts. An event is detected to violate the model of world that System 1 maintains. /Type /Group -Social loafing: where individuals become less productive in groups /Subject (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test BankInstant Download) /S /Transparency /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Contents 41 0 R 4,000 & 9,000 \\ /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /DescendantFonts [366 0 R] /Font << << [2] According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. -Pool study: experienced players did better when being watched and newer players did worse when being watched. [23], Cognitive misers could also be one of the contributors to the prisoner's dilemma in gaming theory. /Parent 2 0 R [5][6] These shortcuts include the use of schemas, scripts, stereotypes, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. >> /Parent 2 0 R >> What is the Sensation vs Perception Bias? [36] These two cognitive processing systems are not separate and can have interactions with each other. Cognitive miserliness was first proposed as a model for human thinking in 1984 by psychologists Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in their book Social Cognition. >> They argue that people start the process of impression formation by /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] What does WEIRD refer to? variability, when the category is. endobj Passions, on the other hand, connote impulse and emotion, femininity and heat. /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman Jonathan A. . /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] >> How did Milgram study obedience? [16][17][18] Heuristics can be defined as the "judgmental shortcuts that generally get us where we need to goand quicklybut at the cost of occasionally sending us off course. Voters use small amounts of personal information to construct a narrative about candidates. /Group << /Type /Group The cognitive miser . In 1987, a researcher named Oliver Sacks stu (Aronson, Wilson, and Akert, 2010) A schema is a category that is created about as our minds way of storing information. 62 0 R 63 0 R 64 0 R 65 0 R 66 0 R 67 0 R 68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R When processing with System 1 which start automatically without control, people expend little or even no effort, but can generate complex patterns of ideas. According to WalterLippmann's arguments in his classic book PublicOpinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. /Type /Group /S /Transparency the idea that people neither cognitive misers or naive scientists. stream Explain Naive Scientist: NAIVE SCIENTIST: people use rational scientific-like cause-effectanalyses to understand the world . "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. Social Cognitive Psychology : History and Current Domains - Google Books Weather it is the theory of adjusting the way we act by social Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; The cognitive processes & structures that influence, & areinfluenced by, social behaviour, COGNITIVE CONSISTENCY: people strive for consistency amongcognitions as inconsistency is unpleasant, BUT people are remarkably tolerant of cognitive inconsistency, Errors are due to limited or inaccurate information & motivational considerations (e.g. What is the "foot-in-the-door" technique? 358 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 359 0 R 360 0 R 361 0 R 362 0 R 282 0 R System 2 may also have no clue to the error. >> 25 0 obj The implications of this theory raise important questions about both cognition and humanbehavior. 1 0 obj Built within the framework of self-categorization, researchers believe that people employ categorical thinking to make sense of the social world. naive scientist vs cognitive miser - canorthrup.com The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. 500 0 0 389 278] Voters use small amounts of personal information to construct a narrative about candidates. >> [39][originalresearch? /Contents 38 0 R /Font << A2 Psychology Concepts and studies and advanced psychology First proposed in 1958 by Fritz Heider in The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations, this theory holds that humans think and act with dispassionate rationality whilst engaging in detailed and nuanced thought processes for both complex and routine actions. 9 0 obj 2 [91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain how and why people are cognitive misers. >> -When alone, when a situation is physically dangerous for the victim. 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 217 0 R] 24 0 obj [2][3], The term cognitive miser was first introduced by SusanFiske and ShelleyTaylor in 1984. I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like. [10] Thus, attribution theory emerged from the study of the ways in which individuals assess causal relationships and mechanisms. /CS /DeviceRGB >> Multiple Choice Quizzes | Online Resources - SAGE Publications Inc /Subtype /Type0 /StructTreeRoot 3 0 R >> The wave of research on attributional biases done by Kahneman, Tversky and others effectively ended the dominance of Heider's nave scientist within social psychology. /Resources << \end{array} -Those with analytical thinking were more likely to focus on attributions of the individual person and vice versa. /FirstChar 32 endobj What kinds of reasoning errors occur when the observer doesn't have enough information? According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. This switch in processing between the two can be termed, A2 Psychology Concepts and studies and advanced psychology. /Type /Group Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and Arie W. Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivated tactician. The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. Later models suggest that the cognitive miser and the nave scientist create two poles of social cognition that are too monolithic. /ca 1 endobj /Resources << 12 [337 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 340 0 R 341 0 R 342 0 R 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R too much on mibd = heuristics 3) importance - heuristics better for estimates, if decison is important become a naive scientist 4) information level - if have all necessary info = become naive scientist endobj 23 0 obj >> Much of the cognitive miser theory is built upon work done on heuristicsinjudgmentanddecision-making,[15][pageneeded] most notably AmosTversky and DanielKahneman results published in a series of influential articles. How does a "cognitive miser" reason? /CS /DeviceRGB schemas create theories about how features go together and why, helps determine category membership, expertise affects the way we classify objects, classifying things according to how similar they are to the typical case, example of representativeness heuristic in medicine, the medicine should look like the disease eat bats for blindness, failure to recognize the the co-occurrence of two outcomes cannot be greater than the probability of each outcome alone, making judgments about the frequency or likelihood of an event based on the ease with which evidence or examples come to mind, tendency to assume that one has contributed more than their fair share to joint endeavors, spouses and house work What is "lowballing?" 10 [286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R 289 0 R 290 0 R 291 0 R 292 0 R 293 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations, individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way, strives to simplify cognitive process specifically under time pressure, many strategies depending on the situation important -> naive scientist, a class of objects that we believe belong together, schema can be defined by list of necessary and sufficient attributes, hard to specify defining features/members vary a great deal in their typically/ some cases are unclear, categories are organized around attibutes that are only characteristic of the category; they don't define it, prototype view- representation is abstracted list of most characteristic feature Kruglanski said people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies based on current goals or needs, people are motivated tacticians. 444 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. Further, people spend less cognitive effort in buying toothpaste than they do when picking a new car, and that difference in information-seeking is largely a function of the costs.[30]. >> Describe Anchoring & Adjustment Heuristic: audio not yet available for this language, NAIVE SCIENTIST: people use rational scientific-like cause-effectanalyses to understand the world, COGNITIVE MISER: people use the least complex & demandingcognitions that are able to produce generally adaptivebehaviours, IMPRESSION FORMATION: the way in which we developperceptions of a person, Personality Recency: information presented later has more impact thanearlier information, Self schema: individualised knowledge structures about the self, {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":true,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Week 3 Social Psychology","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/week-3-social-psychology-7549740","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}.